home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
| Unknown | 1992-06-06 | 360.8 KB |
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MacOS 8.1
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Win98
|
DOS
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| Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
|---|
| 66%
| dexvert
| OS/2 Installation Package (archive/os2InstallPackage)
| ext
| Supported |
| 1%
| dexvert
| BeOS Installation Package (archive/beOSInstallPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
| 1%
| dexvert
| Newton Package (archive/newtonPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
| 1%
| dexvert
| Independence War 2 mod Package (other/independenceWar2ModPackage)
| ext
| Unsupported |
| 100%
| file
| data
| default
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
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|00000400| 04 00 82 07 00 00 37 32 | 00 00 00 01 24 47 04 00 |......72|....$G..|
|00000410| 4a 0c 00 00 37 33 00 00 | 00 01 6e 53 04 00 91 0c |J...73..|..nS....|
|00000420| 00 00 37 34 00 00 00 01 | ff 5f 04 00 9f 0d 00 00 |..74....|._......|
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|00000470| 04 00 cf 09 00 00 38 30 | 00 00 00 01 78 ac 04 00 |......80|....x...|
|00000480| ea 08 00 00 38 31 00 00 | 00 01 62 b5 04 00 de 09 |....81..|..b.....|
|00000490| 00 00 38 32 00 00 00 01 | 40 bf 04 00 16 10 00 00 |..82....|@.......|
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|000004b0| 00 00 00 01 58 d9 04 00 | 18 0e 00 00 38 35 00 00 |....X...|....85..|
|000004c0| 00 01 70 e7 04 00 b8 0b | 00 00 38 36 00 00 00 01 |..p.....|..86....|
|000004d0| 28 f3 04 00 d0 0c 00 00 | 38 37 00 00 00 01 f8 ff |(.......|87......|
|000004e0| 04 00 11 0b 00 00 38 38 | 00 00 00 01 09 0b 05 00 |......88|........|
|000004f0| cf 0e 00 00 38 39 00 00 | 00 01 d8 19 05 00 21 0b |....89..|......!.|
|00000500| 00 00 39 30 00 00 00 01 | f9 24 05 00 b2 0c 00 00 |..90....|.$......|
|00000510| 39 31 00 00 00 01 ab 31 | 05 00 c6 0b 00 00 39 32 |91.....1|......92|
|00000520| 00 00 00 01 71 3d 05 00 | 75 0e 00 00 39 33 00 00 |....q=..|u...93..|
|00000530| 00 01 e6 4b 05 00 c0 0b | 00 00 39 34 00 00 00 01 |...K....|..94....|
|00000540| a6 57 05 00 0b 0c 00 00 | 39 35 00 00 00 01 b1 63 |.W......|95.....c|
|00000550| 05 00 3f 0e 00 00 39 36 | 00 00 00 01 f0 71 05 00 |..?...96|.....q..|
|00000560| 43 0e 00 00 39 37 00 00 | 00 01 33 80 05 00 a7 08 |C...97..|..3.....|
|00000570| 00 00 39 38 00 00 00 01 | da 88 05 00 b1 0c 00 00 |..98....|........|
|00000580| 39 39 00 00 00 01 8b 95 | 05 00 b4 0d 00 00 00 00 |99......|........|
|00000590| 00 00 00 00 3f a3 05 00 | 00 00 00 00 24 55 6e 69 |....?...|....$Uni|
|000005a0| 71 75 65 5f 49 44 7b 59 | 52 42 30 33 37 30 30 7d |que_ID{Y|RB03700}|
|000005b0| 0d 0a 24 54 69 74 6c 65 | 7b 45 76 61 6c 75 61 74 |..$Title|{Evaluat|
|000005c0| 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 52 | 65 6e 61 6c 20 46 75 6e |ion of R|enal Fun|
|000005d0| 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e | 64 20 46 6c 75 69 64 20 |ction an|d Fluid |
|000005e0| 48 6f 6d 65 6f 73 74 61 | 73 69 73 20 44 75 72 69 |Homeosta|sis Duri|
|000005f0| 6e 67 20 52 65 63 6f 76 | 65 72 79 20 46 72 6f 6d |ng Recov|ery From|
|00000600| 0d 0a 45 78 65 72 63 69 | 73 65 2d 49 6e 64 75 63 |..Exerci|se-Induc|
|00000610| 65 64 20 48 79 70 6f 6e | 61 74 72 65 6d 69 61 7d |ed Hypon|atremia}|
|00000620| 0d 0a 24 41 75 74 68 6f | 72 7b 0d 0a 49 72 76 69 |..$Autho|r{..Irvi|
|00000630| 6e 67 2c 20 52 41 0d 0a | 4e 6f 61 6b 65 73 2c 20 |ng, RA..|Noakes, |
|00000640| 54 44 0d 0a 42 75 63 6b | 2c 20 52 0d 0a 56 61 6e |TD..Buck|, R..Van|
|00000650| 20 5a 79 6c 2c 20 53 6d | 69 74 2c 20 52 0d 0a 52 | Zyl, Sm|it, R..R|
|00000660| 61 69 6e 65 2c 20 45 0d | 0a 47 6f 64 6c 6f 6e 74 |aine, E.|.Godlont|
|00000670| 6f 6e 2c 20 4a 0d 0a 4e | 6f 72 6d 61 6e 2c 20 52 |on, J..N|orman, R|
|00000680| 4a 7d 0d 0a 24 41 66 66 | 69 6c 69 61 74 69 6f 6e |J}..$Aff|iliation|
|00000690| 7b 55 6e 69 76 20 6f 66 | 20 43 61 70 65 20 54 6f |{Univ of| Cape To|
|000006a0| 77 6e 3b 20 55 6e 69 76 | 20 6f 66 20 4e 61 74 61 |wn; Univ| of Nata|
|000006b0| 6c 2c 20 44 75 72 62 61 | 6e 3b 20 47 72 6f 6f 74 |l, Durba|n; Groot|
|000006c0| 65 20 53 63 68 75 75 72 | 20 48 6f 73 70 2c 0d 0a |e Schuur| Hosp,..|
|000006d0| 43 61 70 65 20 54 6f 77 | 6e 3b 20 47 72 65 79 27 |Cape Tow|n; Grey'|
|000006e0| 73 20 48 6f 73 70 2c 20 | 50 69 65 74 65 72 6d 61 |s Hosp, |Pieterma|
|000006f0| 72 69 74 7a 62 75 72 67 | 3b 20 45 64 65 6e 64 61 |ritzburg|; Edenda|
|00000700| 6c 65 20 48 6f 73 70 2c | 20 50 69 65 74 65 72 6d |le Hosp,| Pieterm|
|00000710| 61 72 69 74 7a 62 75 72 | 67 2c 0d 0a 53 6f 75 74 |aritzbur|g,..Sout|
|00000720| 68 20 41 66 72 69 63 61 | 7d 0d 0a 24 4a 6f 75 72 |h Africa|}..$Jour|
|00000730| 6e 61 6c 7b 4a 20 41 70 | 70 6c 20 50 68 79 73 69 |nal{J Ap|pl Physi|
|00000740| 6f 6c 7d 0d 0a 24 56 6f | 6c 75 6d 65 7b 37 30 7d |ol}..$Vo|lume{70}|
|00000750| 0d 0a 24 50 61 67 65 7b | 33 34 32 2d 33 34 38 7d |..$Page{|342-348}|
|00000760| 0d 0a 24 44 61 74 65 7b | 31 39 39 31 7d 0d 0a 24 |..$Date{|1991}..$|
|00000770| 59 42 56 6f 6c 7b 31 39 | 39 31 20 59 65 61 72 20 |YBVol{19|91 Year |
|00000780| 42 6f 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 | 53 70 6f 72 74 73 20 4d |Book of |Sports M|
|00000790| 65 64 69 63 69 6e 65 7d | 0d 0a 24 43 68 61 70 74 |edicine}|..$Chapt|
|000007a0| 65 72 7b 35 2d 34 7d 0d | 0a 24 59 42 45 64 69 74 |er{5-4}.|.$YBEdit|
|000007b0| 6f 72 7b 44 72 73 2e 20 | 53 68 65 70 68 61 72 64 |or{Drs. |Shephard|
|000007c0| 2c 20 45 69 63 68 6e 65 | 72 2c 20 53 75 74 74 6f |, Eichne|r, Sutto|
|000007d0| 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 54 | 6f 72 67 2c 20 43 6f 6c |n, and T|org, Col|
|000007e0| 2e 20 41 6e 64 65 72 73 | 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |. Anders|on, and |
|000007f0| 4d 72 2e 0d 0a 47 65 6f | 72 67 65 7d 0d 0a 24 54 |Mr...Geo|rge}..$T|
|00000800| 61 62 6c 65 7b 7d 0d 0a | 24 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 |able{}..|$Comment|
|00000810| 61 74 6f 72 7b 4a 2e 52 | 2e 20 53 75 74 74 6f 6e |ator{J.R|. Sutton|
|00000820| 2c 20 4d 2e 44 2e 7d 0d | 0a 0d 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 |, M.D.}.|...Copyr|
|00000830| 69 67 68 74 20 28 43 29 | 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f |ight (C)| Year Bo|
|00000840| 6f 6b 20 4d 65 64 69 63 | 61 6c 20 50 75 62 6c 69 |ok Medic|al Publi|
|00000850| 73 68 65 72 73 2c 20 49 | 6e 63 2e 20 31 39 39 31 |shers, I|nc. 1991|
|00000860| 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 39 39 31 | 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f |....1991| Year Bo|
|00000870| 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 53 70 | 6f 72 74 73 20 4d 65 64 |ok of Sp|orts Med|
|00000880| 69 63 69 6e 65 0d 0a 0d | 0a 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 |icine...|.Chapter|
|00000890| 20 35 20 2d 2d 20 45 6e | 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e | 5 -- En|vironmen|
|000008a0| 74 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 50 73 79 63 68 6f 6c 6f |tal and |Psycholo|
|000008b0| 67 69 63 61 6c 20 46 61 | 63 74 6f 72 73 0d 0a 0d |gical Fa|ctors...|
|000008c0| 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |.-------|--------|
|000008d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008e0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000008f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000900| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d |--------|-------.|
|00000910| 0a 45 76 61 6c 75 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 52 |.Evaluat|ion of R|
|00000920| 65 6e 61 6c 20 46 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e |enal Fun|ction an|
|00000930| 64 20 46 6c 75 69 64 20 | 48 6f 6d 65 6f 73 74 61 |d Fluid |Homeosta|
|00000940| 73 69 73 20 44 75 72 69 | 6e 67 20 52 65 63 6f 76 |sis Duri|ng Recov|
|00000950| 65 72 79 20 46 72 6f 6d | 0d 0a 45 78 65 72 63 69 |ery From|..Exerci|
|00000960| 73 65 2d 49 6e 64 75 63 | 65 64 20 48 79 70 6f 6e |se-Induc|ed Hypon|
|00000970| 61 74 72 65 6d 69 61 0d | 0a 0d 0a 49 72 76 69 6e |atremia.|...Irvin|
|00000980| 67 20 52 41 3b 20 4e 6f | 61 6b 65 73 20 54 44 3b |g RA; No|akes TD;|
|00000990| 20 42 75 63 6b 20 52 3b | 20 56 61 6e 20 5a 79 6c | Buck R;| Van Zyl|
|000009a0| 20 53 6d 69 74 20 52 3b | 20 52 61 69 6e 65 20 45 | Smit R;| Raine E|
|000009b0| 3b 20 47 6f 64 6c 6f 6e | 74 6f 6e 20 4a 3b 20 4e |; Godlon|ton J; N|
|000009c0| 6f 72 6d 61 6e 20 52 4a | 0d 0a 28 55 6e 69 76 20 |orman RJ|..(Univ |
|000009d0| 6f 66 20 43 61 70 65 20 | 54 6f 77 6e 3b 20 55 6e |of Cape |Town; Un|
|000009e0| 69 76 20 6f 66 20 4e 61 | 74 61 6c 2c 20 44 75 72 |iv of Na|tal, Dur|
|000009f0| 62 61 6e 3b 20 47 72 6f | 6f 74 65 20 53 63 68 75 |ban; Gro|ote Schu|
|00000a00| 75 72 20 48 6f 73 70 2c | 20 43 61 70 65 20 54 6f |ur Hosp,| Cape To|
|00000a10| 77 6e 3b 0d 0a 47 72 65 | 79 27 73 20 48 6f 73 70 |wn;..Gre|y's Hosp|
|00000a20| 2c 20 50 69 65 74 65 72 | 6d 61 72 69 74 7a 62 75 |, Pieter|maritzbu|
|00000a30| 72 67 3b 20 45 64 65 6e | 64 61 6c 65 20 48 6f 73 |rg; Eden|dale Hos|
|00000a40| 70 2c 20 50 69 65 74 65 | 72 6d 61 72 69 74 7a 62 |p, Piete|rmaritzb|
|00000a50| 75 72 67 2c 20 53 6f 75 | 74 68 20 41 66 72 69 63 |urg, Sou|th Afric|
|00000a60| 61 29 0d 0a 4a 20 41 70 | 70 6c 20 50 68 79 73 69 |a)..J Ap|pl Physi|
|00000a70| 6f 6c 20 37 30 3a 33 34 | 32 2d 33 34 38 2c 20 31 |ol 70:34|2-348, 1|
|00000a80| 39 39 31 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |991..---|--------|
|00000a90| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000aa0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000ab0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000ac0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00000ad0| 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 0d 0a 41 | 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 0d |---....A|bstract.|
|00000ae0| 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 69 6e 66 72 |... |The infr|
|00000af0| 65 71 75 65 6e 63 79 20 | 6f 66 20 68 79 70 6f 6e |equency |of hypon|
|00000b00| 61 74 72 65 6d 69 61 20 | 69 6e 20 75 6c 74 72 61 |atremia |in ultra|
|00000b10| 64 69 73 74 61 6e 63 65 | 20 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 |distance| running|
|00000b20| 20 65 76 65 6e 74 73 20 | 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 69 74 | events |makes it|
|00000b30| 0d 0a 69 6d 70 6f 73 73 | 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 |..imposs|ible to |
|00000b40| 73 74 75 64 79 20 74 68 | 65 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f |study th|e develo|
|00000b50| 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e |pment of| the con|
|00000b60| 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 64 | 69 72 65 63 74 6c 79 2e |dition d|irectly.|
|00000b70| 20 20 54 68 65 72 65 66 | 6f 72 65 2c 0d 0a 72 65 | Theref|ore,..re|
|00000b80| 6e 61 6c 20 66 75 6e 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 |nal func|tion and|
|00000b90| 20 66 6c 75 69 64 20 61 | 6e 64 20 65 6c 65 63 74 | fluid a|nd elect|
|00000ba0| 72 6f 6c 79 74 65 20 62 | 61 6c 61 6e 63 65 20 77 |rolyte b|alance w|
|00000bb0| 65 72 65 20 73 74 75 64 | 69 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 |ere stud|ied in a|
|00000bc0| 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 6f | 66 0d 0a 61 74 68 6c 65 | group o|f..athle|
|00000bd0| 74 65 73 20 72 65 63 6f | 76 65 72 69 6e 67 20 66 |tes reco|vering f|
|00000be0| 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 69 73 | 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |rom this| conditi|
|00000bf0| 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 67 61 | 69 6e 20 69 6e 73 69 67 |on to ga|in insig|
|00000c00| 68 74 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 | 69 74 73 20 70 61 74 68 |ht into |its path|
|00000c10| 6f 67 65 6e 65 73 69 73 | 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |ogenesis|... |
|00000c20| 54 68 65 20 73 74 75 64 | 79 20 73 61 6d 70 6c 65 |The stud|y sample|
|00000c30| 20 77 61 73 20 38 20 72 | 75 6e 6e 65 72 73 2c 20 | was 8 r|unners, |
|00000c40| 34 20 6d 65 6e 20 61 6e | 64 20 34 20 77 6f 6d 65 |4 men an|d 4 wome|
|00000c50| 6e 2c 20 77 68 6f 20 68 | 61 64 20 73 79 6d 70 74 |n, who h|ad sympt|
|00000c60| 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 0d 0a | 68 79 70 6f 6e 61 74 72 |omatic..|hyponatr|
|00000c70| 65 6d 69 61 20 64 75 72 | 69 6e 67 20 6f 72 20 61 |emia dur|ing or a|
|00000c80| 66 74 65 72 20 61 6e 20 | 38 38 2d 6b 6d 20 72 61 |fter an |88-km ra|
|00000c90| 63 65 2e 20 20 48 79 70 | 6f 6e 61 74 72 65 6d 69 |ce. Hyp|onatremi|
|00000ca0| 61 20 77 61 73 20 64 65 | 66 69 6e 65 64 20 61 73 |a was de|fined as|
|00000cb0| 20 61 0d 0a 70 6c 61 73 | 6d 61 20 73 6f 64 69 75 | a..plas|ma sodiu|
|00000cc0| 6d 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 6e | 74 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |m concen|tration |
|00000cd0| 6f 66 20 6c 65 73 73 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 31 33 30 |of less |than 130|
|00000ce0| 6d 4d 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 | 20 70 75 72 70 6f 73 65 |mM. For| purpose|
|00000cf0| 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6d | 70 61 72 69 73 6f 6e 2c |s of com|parison,|
|00000d00| 20 61 0d 0a 67 72 6f 75 | 70 20 6f 66 20 6e 6f 72 | a..grou|p of nor|
|00000d10| 6d 6f 6e 61 74 72 65 6d | 69 63 20 72 75 6e 6e 65 |monatrem|ic runne|
|00000d20| 72 73 20 77 61 73 20 61 | 6c 73 6f 20 73 74 75 64 |rs was a|lso stud|
|00000d30| 69 65 64 3b 20 6d 65 61 | 6e 20 70 6f 73 74 72 61 |ied; mea|n postra|
|00000d40| 63 65 20 73 6f 64 69 75 | 6d 0d 0a 63 6f 6e 63 65 |ce sodiu|m..conce|
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|00002910| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
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|000043a0| 6f 6f 73 74 20 74 69 73 | 73 75 65 20 6f 73 6d 6f |oost tis|sue osmo|
|000043b0| 6c 61 6c 69 74 79 2e 20 | 20 4c 79 6f 6e 73 0d 0a |lality. | Lyons..|
|000043c0| 61 6e 64 20 61 73 73 6f | 63 69 61 74 65 73 20 73 |and asso|ciates s|
|000043d0| 75 67 67 65 73 74 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 67 6c 79 63 |uggest t|hat glyc|
|000043e0| 65 72 6f 6c 20 63 61 6e | 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |erol can| be used|
|000043f0| 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 69 | 73 20 70 75 72 70 6f 73 | for thi|s purpos|
|00004400| 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 68 | 61 73 0d 0a 73 65 76 65 |e. It h|as..seve|
|00004410| 72 61 6c 20 61 64 76 61 | 6e 74 61 67 65 73 3a 20 |ral adva|ntages: |
|00004420| 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 61 | 20 6e 61 74 75 72 61 6c | it is a| natural|
|00004430| 20 6d 65 74 61 62 6f 6c | 69 74 65 2c 20 67 6c 79 | metabol|ite, gly|
|00004440| 63 65 72 6f 6c 20 69 73 | 20 65 76 65 6e 6c 79 0d |cerol is| evenly.|
|00004450| 0a 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 | 75 74 65 64 20 61 6d 6f |.distrib|uted amo|
|00004460| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 62 | 6f 64 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 |ng the b|ody comp|
|00004470| 61 72 74 6d 65 6e 74 73 | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 74 |artments|, and it|
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|00004490| 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 20 64 | 6f 73 65 20 61 73 0d 0a |n in a d|ose as..|
|000044a0| 6c 61 72 67 65 20 61 73 | 20 31 20 67 2f 6b 67 20 |large as| 1 g/kg |
|000044b0| 65 76 65 72 79 20 36 20 | 68 6f 75 72 73 2e 20 20 |every 6 |hours. |
|000044c0| 4d 6f 72 65 6f 76 65 72 | 2c 20 66 61 76 6f 72 61 |Moreover|, favora|
|000044d0| 62 6c 65 20 70 68 79 73 | 69 6f 6c 6f 67 69 63 20 |ble phys|iologic |
|000044e0| 72 65 73 70 6f 6e 73 65 | 73 20 74 6f 0d 0a 68 65 |response|s to..he|
|000044f0| 61 74 20 61 72 65 20 67 | 72 65 61 74 6c 79 20 65 |at are g|reatly e|
|00004500| 6e 68 61 6e 63 65 64 20 | 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 |nhanced |after th|
|00004510| 65 20 69 6e 67 65 73 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 67 |e ingest|ion of g|
|00004520| 6c 79 63 65 72 6f 6c 20 | 70 6c 75 73 20 77 61 74 |lycerol |plus wat|
|00004530| 65 72 3b 20 74 68 65 0d | 0a 73 77 65 61 74 20 72 |er; the.|.sweat r|
|00004540| 61 74 65 20 69 73 20 6d | 75 63 68 20 67 72 65 61 |ate is m|uch grea|
|00004550| 74 65 72 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 63 |ter, and| the rec|
|00004560| 74 61 6c 20 74 65 6d 70 | 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 20 |tal temp|erature |
|00004570| 69 73 20 73 75 62 73 74 | 61 6e 74 69 61 6c 6c 79 |is subst|antially|
|00004580| 0d 0a 6c 6f 77 65 72 2e | 2d 2d 52 2e 4a 2e 20 53 |..lower.|--R.J. S|
|00004590| 68 65 70 68 61 72 64 2c | 20 4d 2e 44 2e 2c 20 50 |hephard,| M.D., P|
|000045a0| 68 2e 44 2e 0d 0a 24 55 | 6e 69 71 75 65 5f 49 44 |h.D...$U|nique_ID|
|000045b0| 7b 59 52 42 30 33 37 30 | 34 7d 0d 0a 24 54 69 74 |{YRB0370|4}..$Tit|
|000045c0| 6c 65 7b 49 6e 66 6c 75 | 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 |le{Influ|ence of |
|000045d0| 46 6c 75 69 64 20 49 6e | 74 61 6b 65 20 6f 6e 20 |Fluid In|take on |
|000045e0| 45 6e 64 75 72 61 6e 63 | 65 20 52 75 6e 6e 69 6e |Enduranc|e Runnin|
|000045f0| 67 20 50 65 72 66 6f 72 | 6d 61 6e 63 65 3a 20 20 |g Perfor|mance: |
|00004600| 41 0d 0a 43 6f 6d 70 61 | 72 69 73 6f 6e 20 42 65 |A..Compa|rison Be|
|00004610| 74 77 65 65 6e 20 57 61 | 74 65 72 2c 20 47 6c 75 |tween Wa|ter, Glu|
|00004620| 63 6f 73 65 20 61 6e 64 | 20 46 72 75 63 74 6f 73 |cose and| Fructos|
|00004630| 65 20 53 6f 6c 75 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 7d 0d 0a 24 41 |e Soluti|ons}..$A|
|00004640| 75 74 68 6f 72 7b 0d 0a | 57 69 6c 6c 69 61 6d 73 |uthor{..|Williams|
|00004650| 2c 20 43 0d 0a 4e 75 74 | 65 2c 20 4d 47 0d 0a 42 |, C..Nut|e, MG..B|
|00004660| 72 6f 61 64 62 61 6e 6b | 2c 20 4c 0d 0a 56 69 6e |roadbank|, L..Vin|
|00004670| 61 6c 6c 2c 20 53 7d 0d | 0a 24 41 66 66 69 6c 69 |all, S}.|.$Affili|
|00004680| 61 74 69 6f 6e 7b 4c 6f | 75 67 68 62 6f 72 6f 75 |ation{Lo|ughborou|
|00004690| 67 68 20 55 6e 69 76 2c | 20 4c 6f 75 67 68 62 6f |gh Univ,| Loughbo|
|000046a0| 72 6f 75 67 68 2c 20 45 | 6e 67 6c 61 6e 64 7d 0d |rough, E|ngland}.|
|000046b0| 0a 24 4a 6f 75 72 6e 61 | 6c 7b 45 75 72 20 4a 20 |.$Journa|l{Eur J |
|000046c0| 41 70 70 6c 20 50 68 79 | 73 69 6f 6c 7d 0d 0a 24 |Appl Phy|siol}..$|
|000046d0| 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 7b 36 | 30 7d 0d 0a 24 50 61 67 |Volume{6|0}..$Pag|
|000046e0| 65 7b 31 31 32 2d 31 31 | 39 7d 0d 0a 24 44 61 74 |e{112-11|9}..$Dat|
|000046f0| 65 7b 31 39 39 30 7d 0d | 0a 24 59 42 56 6f 6c 7b |e{1990}.|.$YBVol{|
|00004700| 31 39 39 31 20 59 65 61 | 72 20 42 6f 6f 6b 20 6f |1991 Yea|r Book o|
|00004710| 66 20 53 70 6f 72 74 73 | 20 4d 65 64 69 63 69 6e |f Sports| Medicin|
|00004720| 65 7d 0d 0a 24 43 68 61 | 70 74 65 72 7b 35 2d 38 |e}..$Cha|pter{5-8|
|00004730| 7d 0d 0a 24 59 42 45 64 | 69 74 6f 72 7b 44 72 73 |}..$YBEd|itor{Drs|
|00004740| 2e 20 53 68 65 70 68 61 | 72 64 2c 20 45 69 63 68 |. Shepha|rd, Eich|
|00004750| 6e 65 72 2c 20 53 75 74 | 74 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 |ner, Sut|ton, and|
|00004760| 20 54 6f 72 67 2c 20 43 | 6f 6c 2e 20 41 6e 64 65 | Torg, C|ol. Ande|
|00004770| 72 73 6f 6e 2c 20 61 6e | 64 20 4d 72 2e 0d 0a 47 |rson, an|d Mr...G|
|00004780| 65 6f 72 67 65 7d 0d 0a | 24 54 61 62 6c 65 7b 54 |eorge}..|$Table{T|
|00004790| 61 62 6c 65 20 4f 6d 69 | 74 74 65 64 7d 0d 0a 24 |able Omi|tted}..$|
|000047a0| 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 61 | 74 6f 72 7b 52 2e 4a 2e |Commenta|tor{R.J.|
|000047b0| 20 53 68 65 70 68 61 72 | 64 2c 20 4d 2e 44 2e 2c | Shephar|d, M.D.,|
|000047c0| 20 50 68 2e 44 2e 7d 0d | 0a 0d 0a 43 6f 70 79 72 | Ph.D.}.|...Copyr|
|000047d0| 69 67 68 74 20 28 43 29 | 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f |ight (C)| Year Bo|
|000047e0| 6f 6b 20 4d 65 64 69 63 | 61 6c 20 50 75 62 6c 69 |ok Medic|al Publi|
|000047f0| 73 68 65 72 73 2c 20 49 | 6e 63 2e 20 31 39 39 31 |shers, I|nc. 1991|
|00004800| 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 39 39 31 | 20 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f |....1991| Year Bo|
|00004810| 6f 6b 20 6f 66 20 53 70 | 6f 72 74 73 20 4d 65 64 |ok of Sp|orts Med|
|00004820| 69 63 69 6e 65 0d 0a 0d | 0a 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 |icine...|.Chapter|
|00004830| 20 35 20 2d 2d 20 45 6e | 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e | 5 -- En|vironmen|
|00004840| 74 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 50 73 79 63 68 6f 6c 6f |tal and |Psycholo|
|00004850| 67 69 63 61 6c 20 46 61 | 63 74 6f 72 73 0d 0a 0d |gical Fa|ctors...|
|00004860| 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |.-------|--------|
|00004870| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004880| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00004890| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000048a0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d |--------|-------.|
|000048b0| 0a 49 6e 66 6c 75 65 6e | 63 65 20 6f 66 20 46 6c |.Influen|ce of Fl|
|000048c0| 75 69 64 20 49 6e 74 61 | 6b 65 20 6f 6e 20 45 6e |uid Inta|ke on En|
|000048d0| 64 75 72 61 6e 63 65 20 | 52 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 |durance |Running |
|000048e0| 50 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 61 | 6e 63 65 3a 20 20 41 20 |Performa|nce: A |
|000048f0| 43 6f 6d 70 61 72 69 73 | 6f 6e 0d 0a 42 65 74 77 |Comparis|on..Betw|
|00004900| 65 65 6e 20 57 61 74 65 | 72 2c 20 47 6c 75 63 6f |een Wate|r, Gluco|
|00004910| 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 46 | 72 75 63 74 6f 73 65 20 |se and F|ructose |
|00004920| 53 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e | 73 0d 0a 0d 0a 57 69 6c |Solution|s....Wil|
|00004930| 6c 69 61 6d 73 20 43 3b | 20 4e 75 74 65 20 4d 47 |liams C;| Nute MG|
|00004940| 3b 20 42 72 6f 61 64 62 | 61 6e 6b 20 4c 3b 20 56 |; Broadb|ank L; V|
|00004950| 69 6e 61 6c 6c 20 53 0d | 0a 28 4c 6f 75 67 68 62 |inall S.|.(Loughb|
|00004960| 6f 72 6f 75 67 68 20 55 | 6e 69 76 2c 20 4c 6f 75 |orough U|niv, Lou|
|00004970| 67 68 62 6f 72 6f 75 67 | 68 2c 20 45 6e 67 6c 61 |ghboroug|h, Engla|
|00004980| 6e 64 29 0d 0a 45 75 72 | 20 4a 20 41 70 70 6c 20 |nd)..Eur| J Appl |
|00004990| 50 68 79 73 69 6f 6c 20 | 36 30 3a 31 31 32 2d 31 |Physiol |60:112-1|
|000049a0| 31 39 2c 20 31 39 39 30 | 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |19, 1990|..------|
|000049b0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000049c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000049d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000049e0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000049f0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 0d 0a 0d 0a 41 62 73 74 |--------|....Abst|
|00004a00| 72 61 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 20 4d 6f 73 |ract....| Mos|
|00004a10| 74 20 73 74 75 64 69 65 | 73 20 6f 66 20 63 61 72 |t studie|s of car|
|00004a20| 62 6f 68 79 64 72 61 74 | 65 20 73 75 70 70 6c 65 |bohydrat|e supple|
|00004a30| 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 6e 20 61 74 68 |mentatio|n in ath|
|00004a40| 6c 65 74 65 73 20 68 61 | 76 65 20 66 6f 63 75 73 |letes ha|ve focus|
|00004a50| 65 64 20 6f 6e 0d 0a 65 | 6e 64 75 72 61 6e 63 65 |ed on..e|ndurance|
|00004a60| 20 63 61 70 61 63 69 74 | 79 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 | capacit|y rather|
|00004a70| 20 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e | 20 65 6e 64 75 72 61 6e | than on| enduran|
|00004a80| 63 65 20 70 65 72 66 6f | 72 6d 61 6e 63 65 2e 20 |ce perfo|rmance. |
|00004a90| 20 54 6f 20 64 65 74 65 | 72 6d 69 6e 65 20 77 68 | To dete|rmine wh|
|00004aa0| 65 74 68 65 72 0d 0a 63 | 61 72 62 6f 68 79 64 72 |ether..c|arbohydr|
|00004ab0| 61 74 65 2d 65 6c 65 63 | 74 72 6f 6c 79 74 65 20 |ate-elec|trolyte |
|00004ac0| 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e | 20 77 61 73 20 6d 6f 72 |solution| was mor|
|00004ad0| 65 20 62 65 6e 65 66 69 | 63 69 61 6c 20 74 68 61 |e benefi|cial tha|
|00004ae0| 6e 20 77 61 74 65 72 20 | 61 6e 64 20 77 68 65 74 |n water |and whet|
|00004af0| 68 65 72 0d 0a 66 72 75 | 63 74 6f 73 65 20 6d 69 |her..fru|ctose mi|
|00004b00| 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 6d | 6f 72 65 20 62 65 6e 65 |ght be m|ore bene|
|00004b10| 66 69 63 69 61 6c 20 74 | 68 61 6e 20 67 6c 75 63 |ficial t|han gluc|
|00004b20| 6f 73 65 2c 20 31 32 20 | 6d 61 6c 65 20 65 6e 64 |ose, 12 |male end|
|00004b30| 75 72 61 6e 63 65 2d 74 | 72 61 69 6e 65 64 0d 0a |urance-t|rained..|
|00004b40| 72 75 6e 6e 65 72 73 20 | 76 6f 6c 75 6e 74 65 65 |runners |voluntee|
|00004b50| 72 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 | 61 20 73 74 75 64 79 20 |red for |a study |
|00004b60| 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 | 20 39 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c |in which| 9 compl|
|00004b70| 65 74 65 64 20 33 20 74 | 72 69 61 6c 73 20 77 69 |eted 3 t|rials wi|
|00004b80| 74 68 20 77 61 74 65 72 | 2c 0d 0a 63 61 72 62 6f |th water|,..carbo|
|00004b90| 68 79 64 72 61 74 65 20 | 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e |hydrate |solution|
|00004ba0| 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f | 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 | that co|ntained |
|00004bb0| 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e | 61 6c 20 67 6c 75 63 6f |addition|al gluco|
|00004bc0| 73 65 2c 20 6f 72 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 |se, or t|he same |
|00004bd0| 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e | 0d 0a 74 68 61 74 20 63 |solution|..that c|
|00004be0| 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 | 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 6f |ontained| additio|
|00004bf0| 6e 61 6c 20 66 72 75 63 | 74 6f 73 65 2c 20 61 6e |nal fruc|tose, an|
|00004c00| 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 31 32 | 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 74 |d all 12| complet|
|00004c10| 65 64 20 32 20 74 72 69 | 61 6c 73 2e 20 20 54 68 |ed 2 tri|als. Th|
|00004c20| 65 0d 0a 63 61 72 62 6f | 68 79 64 72 61 74 65 2d |e..carbo|hydrate-|
|00004c30| 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6c | 79 74 65 20 73 6f 6c 75 |electrol|yte solu|
|00004c40| 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e | 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 35 |tion con|tained 5|
|00004c50| 30 20 67 20 6f 66 20 63 | 61 72 62 6f 68 79 64 72 |0 g of c|arbohydr|
|00004c60| 61 74 65 20 6f 66 20 77 | 68 69 63 68 20 32 30 20 |ate of w|hich 20 |
|00004c70| 67 0d 0a 77 61 73 20 61 | 20 67 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 |g..was a| glucose|
|00004c80| 20 70 6f 6c 79 6d 65 72 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 67 | polymer|. The g|
|00004c90| 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 20 61 | 6e 64 20 66 72 75 63 74 |lucose a|nd fruct|
|00004ca0| 6f 73 65 20 73 6f 6c 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 6f |ose solu|tions co|
|00004cb0| 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 20 | 61 6e 0d 0a 61 64 64 69 |ntained |an..addi|
|00004cc0| 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 32 | 30 20 67 20 6f 66 20 74 |tional 2|0 g of t|
|00004cd0| 68 65 69 72 20 72 65 73 | 70 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 |heir res|pective |
|00004ce0| 73 75 67 61 72 73 2e 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 6f 73 6d |sugars. | The osm|
|00004cf0| 6f 6c 61 6c 69 74 79 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 73 65 |olality |of these|
|00004d00| 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f | 6e 73 0d 0a 77 61 73 20 | solutio|ns..was |
|00004d10| 61 62 6f 75 74 20 33 30 | 30 2d 33 32 30 20 6d 4f |about 30|0-320 mO|
|00004d20| 73 6d 3b 20 65 6e 65 72 | 67 79 20 65 71 75 69 76 |sm; ener|gy equiv|
|00004d30| 61 6c 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 | 20 62 6f 74 68 20 77 61 |alent of| both wa|
|00004d40| 73 20 37 39 34 20 6b 4a | 20 78 20 31 5e 2d 31 2e |s 794 kJ| x 1^-1.|
|00004d50| 20 20 53 75 62 6a 65 63 | 74 73 0d 0a 77 65 72 65 | Subjec|ts..were|
|00004d60| 20 72 61 6e 64 6f 6d 6c | 79 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e | randoml|y assign|
|00004d70| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 31 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 33 |ed to 1 |of the 3|
|00004d80| 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 2e | 20 20 49 6d 6d 65 64 69 | groups.| Immedi|
|00004d90| 61 74 65 6c 79 20 62 65 | 66 6f 72 65 20 65 61 63 |ately be|fore eac|
|00004da0| 68 20 74 72 69 61 6c 2c | 0d 0a 74 68 65 20 73 75 |h trial,|..the su|
|00004db0| 62 6a 65 63 74 20 64 72 | 61 6e 6b 20 31 20 4c 20 |bject dr|ank 1 L |
|00004dc0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 | 73 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 |of the a|ssigned |
|00004dd0| 66 6c 75 69 64 2e 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a |fluid. |The subj|
|00004de0| 65 63 74 20 74 68 65 6e | 20 72 61 6e 20 33 30 20 |ect then| ran 30 |
|00004df0| 6b 6d 20 61 73 0d 0a 66 | 61 73 74 20 61 73 20 74 |km as..f|ast as t|
|00004e00| 68 65 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 | 20 6f 6e 20 61 20 6d 6f |he could| on a mo|
|00004e10| 74 6f 72 69 7a 65 64 20 | 74 72 65 61 64 6d 69 6c |torized |treadmil|
|00004e20| 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 69 | 6e 73 74 72 75 6d 65 6e |l with i|nstrumen|
|00004e30| 74 73 20 73 6f 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 68 65 20 63 6f |ts so th|at he co|
|00004e40| 75 6c 64 0d 0a 63 6f 6e | 74 72 6f 6c 20 74 68 65 |uld..con|trol the|
|00004e50| 20 73 70 65 65 64 2e 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 4e 6f | speed..|. No|
|00004e60| 20 73 69 67 6e 69 66 69 | 63 61 6e 74 20 64 69 66 | signifi|cant dif|
|00004e70| 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 | 77 61 73 20 73 65 65 6e |ference |was seen|
|00004e80| 20 61 6d 6f 6e 67 20 72 | 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 | among r|unning t|
|00004e90| 69 6d 65 73 3b 20 69 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f |imes; in| the gro|
|00004ea0| 75 70 0d 0a 64 72 69 6e | 6b 69 6e 67 20 77 61 74 |up..drin|king wat|
|00004eb0| 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 20 | 6d 65 61 6e 20 74 69 6d |er, the |mean tim|
|00004ec0| 65 20 77 61 73 20 31 32 | 39 2e 33 20 6d 69 6e 75 |e was 12|9.3 minu|
|00004ed0| 74 65 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 | 61 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 |tes comp|ared wit|
|00004ee0| 68 20 31 32 34 2e 38 20 | 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 0d |h 124.8 |minutes.|
|00004ef0| 0a 66 6f 72 20 74 68 6f | 73 65 20 64 72 69 6e 6b |.for tho|se drink|
|00004f00| 69 6e 67 20 67 6c 75 63 | 6f 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |ing gluc|ose and |
|00004f10| 31 32 35 2e 39 20 6d 69 | 6e 75 74 65 73 20 66 6f |125.9 mi|nutes fo|
|00004f20| 72 20 74 68 6f 73 65 20 | 64 72 69 6e 6b 69 6e 67 |r those |drinking|
|00004f30| 20 66 72 75 63 74 6f 73 | 65 2e 0d 0a 48 6f 77 65 | fructos|e...Howe|
|00004f40| 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 74 |ver, the| group t|
|00004f50| 68 61 74 20 72 65 63 65 | 69 76 65 64 20 77 61 74 |hat rece|ived wat|
|00004f60| 65 72 20 73 68 6f 77 65 | 64 20 61 20 73 69 67 6e |er showe|d a sign|
|00004f70| 69 66 69 63 61 6e 74 20 | 64 65 63 72 65 61 73 65 |ificant |decrease|
|00004f80| 20 69 6e 20 73 70 65 65 | 64 0d 0a 6f 76 65 72 20 | in spee|d..over |
|00004f90| 74 68 65 20 6c 61 73 74 | 20 31 30 20 6b 6d 2d 2d |the last| 10 km--|
|00004fa0| 66 72 6f 6d 20 34 2e 31 | 34 20 74 6f 20 33 2e 37 |from 4.1|4 to 3.7|
|00004fb0| 35 20 6d 2f 73 65 63 2d | 2d 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 65 |5 m/sec-|-compare|
|00004fc0| 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 | 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 |d with t|he group|
|00004fd0| 73 20 74 68 61 74 0d 0a | 72 65 63 65 69 76 65 64 |s that..|received|
|00004fe0| 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 79 | 64 72 61 74 65 2e 20 20 | carbohy|drate. |
|00004ff0| 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 67 | 72 6f 75 70 20 74 68 61 |In the g|roup tha|
|00005000| 74 20 64 72 61 6e 6b 20 | 77 61 74 65 72 2c 20 62 |t drank |water, b|
|00005010| 6c 6f 6f 64 20 67 6c 75 | 63 6f 73 65 0d 0a 63 6f |lood glu|cose..co|
|00005020| 6e 63 65 6e 74 72 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 64 65 63 |ncentrat|ions dec|
|00005030| 72 65 61 73 65 64 20 61 | 66 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 |reased a|fter the|
|00005040| 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 68 | 61 6c 66 20 6f 66 20 74 | first h|alf of t|
|00005050| 68 65 20 72 75 6e 3b 20 | 74 68 65 79 20 77 65 72 |he run; |they wer|
|00005060| 65 0d 0a 73 69 67 6e 69 | 66 69 63 61 6e 74 6c 79 |e..signi|ficantly|
|00005070| 20 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 61 | 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e | lower a|t the en|
|00005080| 64 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 74 72 69 61 6c 20 74 |d of the| trial t|
|00005090| 68 61 6e 20 61 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 68 61 6c 66 77 |han at t|he halfw|
|000050a0| 61 79 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 | 2e 0d 0a 47 6c 75 63 6f |ay point|...Gluco|
|000050b0| 73 65 20 6c 65 76 65 6c | 73 20 64 69 64 20 6e 6f |se level|s did no|
|000050c0| 74 20 64 65 63 72 65 61 | 73 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 |t decrea|se in th|
|000050d0| 65 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 64 72 61 |e group |that dra|
|000050e0| 6e 6b 20 67 6c 75 63 6f | 73 65 20 61 6e 64 20 66 |nk gluco|se and f|
|000050f0| 72 75 63 74 6f 73 65 0d | 0a 28 46 69 67 20 35 2d |ructose.|.(Fig 5-|
|00005100| 34 29 2e 20 20 43 6f 6d | 70 61 72 69 73 6f 6e 20 |4). Com|parison |
|00005110| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 32 | 20 67 72 6f 75 70 73 20 |of the 2| groups |
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|00005130| 72 62 6f 68 79 64 72 61 | 74 65 20 73 68 6f 77 65 |rbohydra|te showe|
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|00005150| 74 20 64 69 66 66 65 72 | 65 6e 63 65 73 2e 0d 0a |t differ|ences...|
|00005160| 20 20 20 20 20 52 75 6e | 6e 65 72 73 20 77 68 6f | Run|ners who|
|00005170| 20 64 72 69 6e 6b 20 77 | 61 74 65 72 20 64 75 72 | drink w|ater dur|
|00005180| 69 6e 67 20 61 20 33 30 | 2d 6b 6d 20 72 75 6e 20 |ing a 30|-km run |
|00005190| 68 61 76 65 20 64 65 63 | 72 65 61 73 65 64 20 73 |have dec|reased s|
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|000051b0| 65 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 6e | 74 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 |e concen|trations|
|000051c0| 20 6f 76 65 72 20 74 68 | 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 31 | over th|e last 1|
|000051d0| 35 20 6b 6d 20 69 6e 20 | 74 72 65 61 64 6d 69 6c |5 km in |treadmil|
|000051e0| 6c 20 74 72 69 61 6c 73 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 73 65 |l trials|. These|
|000051f0| 0d 0a 64 65 63 72 65 61 | 73 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 |..decrea|ses are |
|00005200| 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 65 | 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 |prevente|d when t|
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|00005220| 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 79 | 64 72 61 74 65 2d 65 6c | carbohy|drate-el|
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|00005250| 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 33 30 20 | longer |than 30 |
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|00005270| 74 69 6d 65 20 6d 61 79 | 20 62 65 20 69 6d 70 72 |time may| be impr|
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|00005290| 73 20 77 68 6f 20 64 72 | 69 6e 6b 20 63 61 72 62 |s who dr|ink carb|
|000052a0| 6f 68 79 64 72 61 74 65 | 20 73 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f |ohydrate| solutio|
|000052b0| 6e 73 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 | 6f 73 74 2d 43 6f 6d 6d |ns.....P|ost-Comm|
|000052c0| 65 6e 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 | 20 20 20 20 44 65 62 61 |ent.... | Deba|
|000052d0| 74 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 69 | 6e 75 65 73 20 61 73 20 |te conti|nues as |
|000052e0| 74 6f 20 77 68 65 74 68 | 65 72 20 63 61 72 62 6f |to wheth|er carbo|
|000052f0| 68 79 64 72 61 74 65 2d | 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6c |hydrate-|electrol|
|00005300| 79 74 65 20 73 6f 6c 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 |yte solu|tions of|
|00005310| 66 65 72 0d 0a 61 64 76 | 61 6e 74 61 67 65 20 6f |fer..adv|antage o|
|00005320| 76 65 72 20 77 61 74 65 | 72 20 61 73 20 61 20 73 |ver wate|r as a s|
|00005330| 6f 75 72 63 65 20 6f 66 | 20 66 6c 75 69 64 20 72 |ource of| fluid r|
|00005340| 65 70 6c 61 63 65 6d 65 | 6e 74 20 66 6f 72 20 74 |eplaceme|nt for t|
|00005350| 68 65 20 64 69 73 74 61 | 6e 63 65 20 72 75 6e 6e |he dista|nce runn|
|00005360| 65 72 2e 0d 0a 4d 75 63 | 68 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 |er...Muc|h depend|
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|00005380| 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d 65 6e | 74 61 6c 20 74 65 6d 70 |vironmen|tal temp|
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|000053a0| 64 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 0d 0a 63 6f 6d |duration| of..com|
|000053b0| 70 65 74 69 74 69 6f 6e | 2e 20 20 49 73 20 74 68 |petition|. Is th|
|000053c0| 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 6c | 69 6d 69 74 69 6e 67 20 |e main l|imiting |
|000053d0| 66 61 63 74 6f 72 20 67 | 6f 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 |factor g|oing to |
|000053e0| 62 65 20 6c 6f 73 73 20 | 6f 66 20 66 6c 75 69 64 |be loss |of fluid|
|000053f0| 20 6f 72 20 61 0d 0a 64 | 65 63 72 65 61 73 65 20 | or a..d|ecrease |
|00005400| 6f 66 20 62 6c 6f 6f 64 | 20 67 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 |of blood| glucose|
|00005410| 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 75 73 | 63 6c 65 20 67 6c 79 63 | and mus|cle glyc|
|00005420| 6f 67 65 6e 3f 20 20 57 | 69 6c 6c 69 61 6d 73 20 |ogen? W|illiams |
|00005430| 61 6e 64 20 61 73 73 6f | 63 69 61 74 65 73 0d 0a |and asso|ciates..|
|00005440| 63 6f 6e 64 75 63 74 65 | 64 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 |conducte|d their |
|00005450| 73 74 75 64 79 20 75 6e | 64 65 72 20 63 6f 6e 64 |study un|der cond|
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|00005470| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 | 64 75 63 65 20 77 61 74 |ed to re|duce wat|
|00005480| 65 72 20 6e 65 65 64 73 | 3a 0d 0a 72 75 6e 73 20 |er needs|:..runs |
|00005490| 77 65 72 65 20 70 65 72 | 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 20 69 |were per|formed i|
|000054a0| 6e 64 6f 6f 72 73 20 61 | 74 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f |ndoors a|t the lo|
|000054b0| 77 20 74 65 6d 70 65 72 | 61 74 75 72 65 20 28 32 |w temper|ature (2|
|000054c0| 30 20 64 65 67 72 65 65 | 73 5f 43 29 20 74 68 61 |0 degree|s_C) tha|
|000054d0| 74 20 73 74 6f 69 63 0d | 0a 42 72 69 74 6f 6e 73 |t stoic.|.Britons|
|000054e0| 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 | 72 20 63 6f 6d 66 6f 72 | conside|r comfor|
|000054f0| 74 61 62 6c 65 3b 20 74 | 68 65 72 65 20 77 61 73 |table; t|here was|
|00005500| 20 6e 6f 20 72 61 64 69 | 61 6e 74 20 68 65 61 74 | no radi|ant heat|
|00005510| 20 6c 6f 61 64 3b 20 61 | 6e 64 20 6d 6f 72 65 6f | load; a|nd moreo|
|00005520| 76 65 72 2c 0d 0a 73 75 | 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 77 |ver,..su|bjects w|
|00005530| 65 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f | 77 65 64 20 74 6f 20 75 |ere allo|wed to u|
|00005540| 73 65 20 77 65 74 20 73 | 70 6f 6e 67 65 73 20 61 |se wet s|ponges a|
|00005550| 64 20 6c 69 62 69 74 75 | 6d 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 |d libitu|m throug|
|00005560| 68 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 | 69 72 20 72 75 6e 73 2e |hout the|ir runs.|
|00005570| 20 20 4f 6e 0d 0a 74 68 | 65 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 | On..th|e other |
|00005580| 68 61 6e 64 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 72 75 6e 73 20 77 |hand, th|e runs w|
|00005590| 65 72 65 20 71 75 69 74 | 65 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 28 |ere quit|e long (|
|000055a0| 33 30 20 6b 6d 2c 20 63 | 6f 76 65 72 65 64 20 6f |30 km, c|overed o|
|000055b0| 76 65 72 20 32 20 68 6f | 75 72 73 20 6f 66 0d 0a |ver 2 ho|urs of..|
|000055c0| 72 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 29 | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |running)|, and th|
|000055d0| 65 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 | 79 64 72 61 74 65 20 70 |e carboh|ydrate p|
|000055e0| 72 65 70 61 72 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 63 6f 6e 66 |reparati|ons conf|
|000055f0| 65 72 72 65 64 20 73 6f | 6d 65 20 61 64 76 61 6e |erred so|me advan|
|00005600| 74 61 67 65 20 69 6e 20 | 74 65 72 6d 73 0d 0a 6f |tage in |terms..o|
|00005610| 66 20 62 6f 74 68 20 62 | 6c 6f 6f 64 20 67 6c 75 |f both b|lood glu|
|00005620| 63 6f 73 65 20 61 6e 64 | 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 72 |cose and| final r|
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|00005680| 69 73 20 70 6f 73 73 69 | 62 6c 65 20 74 68 61 74 |is possi|ble that|
|00005690| 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 72 | 6d 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 6c | the ter|minal sl|
|000056a0| 6f 77 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 | 79 0d 0a 72 65 70 72 65 |owing ma|y..repre|
|000056b0| 73 65 6e 74 20 6e 6f 74 | 20 61 20 64 69 72 65 63 |sent not| a direc|
|000056c0| 74 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 | 20 6f 66 20 6d 75 73 63 |t effect| of musc|
|000056d0| 6c 65 20 67 6c 79 63 6f | 67 65 6e 20 64 65 70 6c |le glyco|gen depl|
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|00005740| 0a 62 6c 6f 6f 64 20 67 | 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 2e 2d |.blood g|lucose.-|
|00005750| 2d 52 2e 4a 2e 20 53 68 | 65 70 68 61 72 64 2c 20 |-R.J. Sh|ephard, |
|00005760| 4d 2e 44 2e 2c 20 50 68 | 2e 44 2e 0d 0a 24 55 6e |M.D., Ph|.D...$Un|
|00005770| 69 71 75 65 5f 49 44 7b | 59 52 42 30 33 37 30 35 |ique_ID{|YRB03705|
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|00005790| 41 76 61 69 6c 61 62 69 | 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 |Availabi|lity of |
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|000057e0| 0d 0a 24 41 75 74 68 6f | 72 7b 0d 0a 44 61 76 69 |..$Autho|r{..Davi|
|000057f0| 73 2c 20 4a 4d 0d 0a 42 | 75 72 67 65 73 73 2c 20 |s, JM..B|urgess, |
|00005800| 57 41 0d 0a 53 6c 65 6e | 74 7a 2c 20 43 41 0d 0a |WA..Slen|tz, CA..|
|00005810| 42 61 72 74 6f 6c 69 2c | 20 57 50 7d 0d 0a 24 41 |Bartoli,| WP}..$A|
|00005820| 66 66 69 6c 69 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 7b 55 6e 69 76 20 |ffiliati|on{Univ |
|00005830| 6f 66 20 53 6f 75 74 68 | 20 43 61 72 6f 6c 69 6e |of South| Carolin|
|00005840| 61 20 53 63 68 6f 6f 6c | 20 6f 66 20 50 75 62 6c |a School| of Publ|
|00005850| 69 63 20 48 65 61 6c 74 | 68 2c 20 43 6f 6c 75 6d |ic Healt|h, Colum|
|00005860| 62 69 61 7d 0d 0a 24 4a | 6f 75 72 6e 61 6c 7b 41 |bia}..$J|ournal{A|
|00005870| 6d 20 4a 20 43 6c 69 6e | 20 4e 75 74 72 7d 0d 0a |m J Clin| Nutr}..|
|00005880| 24 56 6f 6c 75 6d 65 7b | 35 31 7d 0d 0a 24 50 61 |$Volume{|51}..$Pa|
|00005890| 67 65 7b 31 30 35 34 2d | 31 30 35 37 7d 0d 0a 24 |ge{1054-|1057}..$|
|000058a0| 44 61 74 65 7b 31 39 39 | 30 7d 0d 0a 24 59 42 56 |Date{199|0}..$YBV|
|000058b0| 6f 6c 7b 31 39 39 31 20 | 59 65 61 72 20 42 6f 6f |ol{1991 |Year Boo|
|000058c0| 6b 20 6f 66 20 53 70 6f | 72 74 73 20 4d 65 64 69 |k of Spo|rts Medi|
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|000058e0| 35 2d 39 7d 0d 0a 24 59 | 42 45 64 69 74 6f 72 7b |5-9}..$Y|BEditor{|
|000058f0| 44 72 73 2e 20 53 68 65 | 70 68 61 72 64 2c 20 45 |Drs. She|phard, E|
|00005900| 69 63 68 6e 65 72 2c 20 | 53 75 74 74 6f 6e 2c 20 |ichner, |Sutton, |
|00005910| 61 6e 64 20 54 6f 72 67 | 2c 20 43 6f 6c 2e 20 41 |and Torg|, Col. A|
|00005920| 6e 64 65 72 73 6f 6e 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 4d 72 2e |nderson,| and Mr.|
|00005930| 0d 0a 47 65 6f 72 67 65 | 7d 0d 0a 24 54 61 62 6c |..George|}..$Tabl|
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|00005950| 0d 0a 24 43 6f 6d 6d 65 | 6e 74 61 74 6f 72 7b 52 |..$Comme|ntator{R|
|00005960| 2e 4a 2e 20 53 68 65 70 | 68 61 72 64 2c 20 4d 2e |.J. Shep|hard, M.|
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|000059b0| 39 39 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 31 | 39 39 31 20 59 65 61 72 |991....1|991 Year|
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|00005a10| 0d 0a 0d 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |....----|--------|
|00005a20| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005a30| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005a40| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005a50| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005a60| 2d 2d 0d 0a 46 6c 75 69 | 64 20 41 76 61 69 6c 61 |--..Flui|d Availa|
|00005a70| 62 69 6c 69 74 79 20 6f | 66 20 53 70 6f 72 74 73 |bility o|f Sports|
|00005a80| 20 44 72 69 6e 6b 73 20 | 44 69 66 66 65 72 69 6e | Drinks |Differin|
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|00005aa0| 65 20 54 79 70 65 20 61 | 6e 64 0d 0a 43 6f 6e 63 |e Type a|nd..Conc|
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|00005ac0| 69 73 20 4a 4d 3b 20 42 | 75 72 67 65 73 73 20 57 |is JM; B|urgess W|
|00005ad0| 41 3b 20 53 6c 65 6e 74 | 7a 20 43 41 3b 20 42 61 |A; Slent|z CA; Ba|
|00005ae0| 72 74 6f 6c 69 20 57 50 | 0d 0a 28 55 6e 69 76 20 |rtoli WP|..(Univ |
|00005af0| 6f 66 20 53 6f 75 74 68 | 20 43 61 72 6f 6c 69 6e |of South| Carolin|
|00005b00| 61 20 53 63 68 6f 6f 6c | 20 6f 66 20 50 75 62 6c |a School| of Publ|
|00005b10| 69 63 20 48 65 61 6c 74 | 68 2c 20 43 6f 6c 75 6d |ic Healt|h, Colum|
|00005b20| 62 69 61 29 0d 0a 41 6d | 20 4a 20 43 6c 69 6e 20 |bia)..Am| J Clin |
|00005b30| 4e 75 74 72 20 35 31 3a | 31 30 35 34 2d 31 30 35 |Nutr 51:|1054-105|
|00005b40| 37 2c 20 31 39 39 30 0d | 0a 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |7, 1990.|.-------|
|00005b50| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005b60| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005b70| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005b80| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|00005b90| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d | 0a 0d 0a 41 62 73 74 72 |-------.|...Abstr|
|00005ba0| 61 63 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 | 20 20 20 20 44 65 68 79 |act.... | Dehy|
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|00005d20| 0a 32 37 35 20 6d 4c 20 | 6f 66 20 77 61 74 65 72 |.275 mL |of water|
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|00005db0| 64 20 31 30 0d 0a 6d 4d | 2f 4c 20 6f 66 20 73 6f |d 10..mM|/L of so|
|00005dc0| 64 69 75 6d 20 61 6e 64 | 20 33 20 6d 4d 2f 4c 20 |dium and| 3 mM/L |
|00005dd0| 6f 66 20 70 6f 74 61 73 | 73 69 75 6d 2e 0d 0a 20 |of potas|sium... |
|00005de0| 20 20 20 20 50 6c 61 73 | 6d 61 20 44 32 4f 20 6c | Plas|ma D2O l|
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|00005e00| 72 61 70 69 64 6c 79 20 | 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 |rapidly |for the |
|00005e10| 66 69 72 73 74 20 34 30 | 20 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 |first 40| minutes|
|00005e20| 20 74 6f 20 70 65 61 6b | 20 61 74 0d 0a 61 62 6f | to peak| at..abo|
|00005e30| 75 74 20 34 35 30 20 6d | 67 2f 4c 20 61 62 6f 76 |ut 450 m|g/L abov|
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|00005e50| 72 65 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 6e 6f 20 73 69 67 6e 69 |re were |no signi|
|00005e60| 66 69 63 61 6e 74 20 64 | 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 63 |ficant d|ifferenc|
|00005e70| 65 73 0d 0a 61 63 63 6f | 72 64 69 6e 67 20 74 6f |es..acco|rding to|
|00005e80| 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 76 | 65 72 61 67 65 20 69 6e | the bev|erage in|
|00005e90| 67 65 73 74 65 64 20 28 | 46 69 67 20 35 2d 35 29 |gested (|Fig 5-5)|
|00005ea0| 2e 20 20 50 6c 61 73 6d | 61 20 67 6c 75 63 6f 73 |. Plasm|a glucos|
|00005eb0| 65 20 6c 65 76 65 6c 73 | 20 61 74 20 39 30 0d 0a |e levels| at 90..|
|00005ec0| 6d 69 6e 75 74 65 73 20 | 64 69 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 |minutes |did not |
|00005ed0| 64 69 66 66 65 72 2e 20 | 20 50 6c 61 73 6d 61 20 |differ. | Plasma |
|00005ee0| 69 6e 73 75 6c 69 6e 20 | 6c 65 76 65 6c 73 20 63 |insulin |levels c|
|00005ef0| 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 6e | 74 6c 79 20 72 65 74 75 |onsisten|tly retu|
|00005f00| 72 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 0d | 0a 62 61 73 65 6c 69 6e |rned to.|.baselin|
|00005f10| 65 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e | 20 31 20 68 6f 75 72 2e |e within| 1 hour.|
|00005f20| 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 46 | 6c 75 69 64 73 20 63 6f |.. F|luids co|
|00005f30| 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 | 20 75 70 20 74 6f 20 38 |ntaining| up to 8|
|00005f40| 25 20 74 6f 20 31 30 25 | 20 63 61 72 62 6f 68 79 |% to 10%| carbohy|
|00005f50| 64 72 61 74 65 2c 20 65 | 69 74 68 65 72 20 61 73 |drate, e|ither as|
|00005f60| 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 | 73 75 67 61 72 73 0d 0a | simple |sugars..|
|00005f70| 6f 72 20 6d 61 6c 74 6f | 64 65 78 74 72 69 6e 73 |or malto|dextrins|
|00005f80| 2c 20 61 72 65 20 6d 61 | 64 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 |, are ma|de compa|
|00005f90| 72 61 62 6c 79 20 61 76 | 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 |rably av|ailable |
|00005fa0| 66 6f 72 20 64 69 6c 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 |for dilu|tion in |
|00005fb0| 62 6f 64 79 20 66 6c 75 | 69 64 73 0d 0a 61 6e 64 |body flu|ids..and|
|00005fc0| 20 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 | 62 65 20 73 69 6d 69 6c | should |be simil|
|00005fd0| 61 72 6c 79 20 65 66 66 | 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 69 |arly eff|ective i|
|00005fe0| 6e 20 72 65 70 6c 65 6e | 69 73 68 69 6e 67 20 62 |n replen|ishing b|
|00005ff0| 6f 64 79 20 66 6c 75 69 | 64 73 20 6c 6f 73 74 20 |ody flui|ds lost |
|00006000| 69 6e 20 73 77 65 61 74 | 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 50 6f 73 |in sweat|.....Pos|
|00006010| 74 2d 43 6f 6d 6d 65 6e | 74 0d 0a 0d 0a 20 20 20 |t-Commen|t.... |
|00006020| 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 70 | 61 70 65 72 20 70 72 6f | This p|aper pro|
|00006030| 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 6e | 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 |vides an| interes|
|00006040| 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 75 | 6e 74 65 72 70 6f 69 6e |ting cou|nterpoin|
|00006050| 74 20 74 6f 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 6f 66 20 57 69 6c |t to tha|t of Wil|
|00006060| 6c 69 61 6d 73 20 61 6e | 64 0d 0a 61 73 73 6f 63 |liams an|d..assoc|
|00006070| 69 61 74 65 73 20 28 41 | 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 20 |iates (A|bstract |
|00006080| 35 2d 38 29 2e 20 20 42 | 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 74 |5-8). B|ecause t|
|00006090| 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a 65 | 63 74 73 20 77 65 72 65 |he subje|cts were|
|000060a0| 20 72 65 73 74 69 6e 67 | 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 | resting| rather |
|000060b0| 74 68 61 6e 0d 0a 75 6e | 64 65 72 74 61 6b 69 6e |than..un|dertakin|
|000060c0| 67 20 32 20 68 6f 75 72 | 73 20 6f 66 20 65 78 65 |g 2 hour|s of exe|
|000060d0| 72 63 69 73 65 2c 20 44 | 61 76 69 73 20 61 6e 64 |rcise, D|avis and|
|000060e0| 20 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 | 74 65 73 20 66 6f 75 6e | associa|tes foun|
|000060f0| 64 20 6e 6f 20 63 68 61 | 6e 67 65 20 6f 66 20 62 |d no cha|nge of b|
|00006100| 6c 6f 6f 64 0d 0a 67 6c | 75 63 6f 73 65 2c 20 69 |lood..gl|ucose, i|
|00006110| 72 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 | 69 76 65 20 6f 66 20 77 |rrespect|ive of w|
|00006120| 68 69 63 68 20 74 79 70 | 65 20 6f 66 20 66 6c 75 |hich typ|e of flu|
|00006130| 69 64 20 77 61 73 20 69 | 6e 67 65 73 74 65 64 2e |id was i|ngested.|
|00006140| 20 20 4d 61 6e 79 20 70 | 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 0d | Many p|revious.|
|00006150| 0a 61 75 74 68 6f 72 73 | 20 68 61 76 65 20 6d 65 |.authors| have me|
|00006160| 61 73 75 72 65 64 20 66 | 6c 75 69 64 20 69 6e 74 |asured f|luid int|
|00006170| 61 6b 65 2c 20 61 73 73 | 75 6d 69 6e 67 20 74 68 |ake, ass|uming th|
|00006180| 69 73 20 74 6f 20 62 65 | 20 61 6e 20 69 6e 64 69 |is to be| an indi|
|00006190| 63 61 74 6f 72 20 6f 66 | 0d 0a 73 75 63 63 65 73 |cator of|..succes|
|000061a0| 73 20 69 6e 20 66 6c 75 | 69 64 20 72 65 70 6c 61 |s in flu|id repla|
|000061b0| 63 65 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 | 62 75 74 20 69 6e 20 66 |cement, |but in f|
|000061c0| 61 63 74 20 61 20 73 75 | 62 73 74 61 6e 74 69 61 |act a su|bstantia|
|000061d0| 6c 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 77 61 |l part o|f the wa|
|000061e0| 74 65 72 20 74 68 61 74 | 0d 0a 69 73 20 69 6e 67 |ter that|..is ing|
|000061f0| 65 73 74 65 64 20 6d 61 | 79 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e |ested ma|y remain|
|00006200| 20 75 6e 61 62 73 6f 72 | 62 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 | unabsor|bed in t|
|00006210| 68 65 20 73 74 6f 6d 61 | 63 68 2e 20 20 54 68 65 |he stoma|ch. The|
|00006220| 20 70 6c 61 73 6d 61 20 | 44 32 4f 20 74 65 63 68 | plasma |D2O tech|
|00006230| 6e 69 71 75 65 0d 0a 61 | 64 6f 70 74 65 64 20 68 |nique..a|dopted h|
|00006240| 65 72 65 20 61 6c 6c 6f | 77 73 20 61 6e 20 65 73 |ere allo|ws an es|
|00006250| 74 69 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |timation| of the |
|00006260| 77 61 74 65 72 20 61 63 | 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 61 |water ac|tually a|
|00006270| 62 73 6f 72 62 65 64 20 | 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 |bsorbed |into the|
|00006280| 0d 0a 62 6f 64 79 2e 0d | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 44 61 |..body..|. Da|
|00006290| 76 69 73 20 61 6e 64 20 | 61 73 73 6f 63 69 61 74 |vis and |associat|
|000062a0| 65 73 20 73 75 70 70 6f | 72 74 20 74 68 65 20 76 |es suppo|rt the v|
|000062b0| 69 65 77 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 69 |iew that| the pri|
|000062c0| 6d 61 72 79 20 64 65 74 | 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6e 74 |mary det|erminant|
|000062d0| 20 6f 66 0d 0a 67 61 73 | 74 72 69 63 20 65 6d 70 | of..gas|tric emp|
|000062e0| 74 79 69 6e 67 20 72 61 | 74 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 |tying ra|te is th|
|000062f0| 65 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 | 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 |e energy| content|
|00006300| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 69 6e 67 65 73 74 65 64 | of the |ingested|
|00006310| 20 66 6c 75 69 64 20 72 | 61 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 | fluid r|ather th|
|00006320| 61 6e 0d 0a 69 74 73 20 | 6f 73 6d 6f 6c 61 6c 69 |an..its |osmolali|
|00006330| 74 79 20 28 31 2c 32 29 | 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 76 |ty (1,2)|. Howev|
|00006340| 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 79 | 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 6f |er, they| point o|
|00006350| 75 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 67 6c 75 63 6f 73 65 20 |ut that |glucose |
|00006360| 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 64 69 | 75 6d 20 69 6f 6e 0d 0a |and sodi|um ion..|
|00006370| 63 6f 6e 63 65 6e 74 72 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 |concentr|ations c|
|00006380| 61 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 | 69 6e 66 6c 75 65 6e 63 |an also |influenc|
|00006390| 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 61 | 74 65 20 6f 66 20 70 61 |e the ra|te of pa|
|000063a0| 73 73 61 67 65 20 6f 66 | 20 66 6c 75 69 64 20 61 |ssage of| fluid a|
|000063b0| 63 72 6f 73 73 20 74 68 | 65 0d 0a 69 6e 74 65 73 |cross th|e..intes|
|000063c0| 74 69 6e 61 6c 20 6d 75 | 63 6f 73 61 20 28 33 29 |tinal mu|cosa (3)|
|000063d0| 2e 20 20 46 6f 72 20 74 | 68 65 73 65 20 72 65 61 |. For t|hese rea|
|000063e0| 73 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 | 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6e |sons, th|ere is n|
|000063f0| 6f 20 65 73 73 65 6e 74 | 69 61 6c 20 64 69 66 66 |o essent|ial diff|
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